Consonants
Consonant chart | Labial | Lingu./Labio. | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
|---|
| Nasal | m | | ɳ~n | | ŋ | |
|---|
| Plosive | pʼ~p | | | ʈʼ~ʈ | | kʼ~k | |
|---|
| Fricative | | | | ʂ ʐ | ɕ | x | h |
|---|
| Affricate | | p̪f b̪v | tsʼ~ts | | | | |
|---|
| Approximant | | | | | j | | |
|---|
| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | |
|---|
| Lateral fricative | | | ɮ | | | | |
|---|
| Lateral affricate | | | ʈɭ˔~tɬ | | | |
|---|
Symbols joined by a tilde are variant pronunciations of the same sound.
Vowels
Vowel chart | Front | Central | Back |
|---|
| High | i | | u |
|---|
| Mid | ɛ | ə | o |
|---|
| Low | æ | | ɑ |
|---|
Syllable structure
(C)V(C)
Diphthongs are considered disyllabic.
Phonological rules
- Nasal place assimilation
[+nasal] → [α PLACE] /_[α PLACE] - Schwa deletion before non-high vowels
/ə/ → ∅ / _[+syll, -high] - Consonant deletion before same consonant
C → ∅ /_C - Vowel lengthening in open syllables
V → Vː / _σ - Vowel lengthening before voiced consonants
V → Vː / _[-syll, +voice] - Retroflex assimilation
/tsʼ~ts/ → [ʈʂʼ~ʈʂ] / [COR, -ant] - Syllable final h-deletion
/h/ → ∅ / _σ
Orthography
Consonants
Consonant spelling| Sound | Spelling |
|---|
| m | m |
| ɳ | n |
| ŋ | g |
| pʼ | p |
| ʈʼ | t |
| kʼ | k |
| ʂ | s |
| ʐ | z |
| ɕ | c |
| x | x |
| h | h |
| b̪v | b |
| p̪f | f |
| tsʼ | ts |
| j | j |
| ɾ | r |
| ɮ | l |
| ʈɭ˔~tɬ | tl |
Vowels
Vowel spelling| Sound | Spelling |
|---|
| i | i |
| ɛ | e |
| æ | a |
| ə | v |
| u | u |
| o | o |
| ɑ | aa |